Keywords: Cryogenic calibration, LNG storage, superconductivity

Sensors in subzero environments (-196°C for liquid nitrogen) face unique challenges:

• Material Science Breakthroughs:

• Ceramic Sensors: Maintain ±0.1°C stability at -200°C.

• Self-Heating Circuits: Prevent ice buildup on pressure diaphragms.

• Compliance Note: ASTM E2877-19 mandates drift tests for cryogenic thermocouples.